HERITAGE CONSERVATION TERMINOLOGY
Heritage conservation terminology
Definition of terms from various sources
http://ip51.icomos.org/~fleblanc/documents/terminology/doc_terminology_e.html
Authenticity
1. The quality of being genuine or original, being actually what is claimed rather than imitative. (Getty Conservation Institute Glossary for Iraq Course 2004).
2. The quality of being genuine or original. (In Getty Research – Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online)
3. Authenticity
79. Properties nominated under criteria (i) to (vi) must meet the conditions of authenticity. Annex 4 which includes the Nara Document on Authenticity, provides a practical basis for examining the authenticity of such properties and is summarized below.
80. The ability to understand the value attributed to the heritage depends on the degree to which information sources about this value may be understood as credible or truthful. Knowledge and understanding of these sources of information, in relation to original and subsequent characteristics of the cultural heritage, and their meaning, are the requisite bases for assessing all aspects of authenticity.
81. Judgments about value attributed to cultural heritage, as well as the credibility of related information sources, may differ from culture to culture, and even within the same culture. The respect due to all cultures requires that cultural heritage must be considered and judged primarily within the cultural contexts to which it belongs.
82. Depending on the type of cultural heritage, and its cultural context, properties may be understood to meet the conditions of authenticity if their cultural values (as recognized in the
Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention 21 nomination criteria proposed) are truthfully and credibly expressed through a variety of attributes including:
o form and design;
o materials and substance;
o use and function;
o traditions, techniques and management systems;
o location and setting;
o language, and other forms of intangible heritage;
o spirit and feeling; and
o other internal and external factors.
83. Attributes such as spirit and feeling do not lend themselves easily to practical applications of the conditions of authenticity, but nevertheless are important indicators of character and sense of place, for example, in communities maintaining tradition and cultural continuity.
84. The use of all these sources permits elaboration of the specific artistic, historic, social, and scientific dimensions of the cultural heritage being examined. “Information sources” are defined as all physical, written, oral, and figurative sources, which make it possible to know the nature,
specificities, meaning, and history of the cultural heritage.
85. When the conditions of authenticity are considered in preparing a nomination for a property, the State Party should first identify all of the applicable significant attributes of authenticity. The statement of authenticity should assess the degree to which authenticity is present in, or expressed by, each of these significant attributes.
86. In relation to authenticity, the reconstruction of archaeological remains or historic buildings or districts is justifiable only in exceptional circumstances. Reconstruction is acceptable only on the basis of complete and detailed documentation and to no extent on conjecture.
(In UNESCO Operational Guidelines for the Implementation of the World Heritage Convention – WHC. 08/01 January 2008 – http://whc.unesco.org/archive/opguide08-en.pdf)
Conservation
• Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance. (Australia Burra Charter).
• All efforts designed to understand cultural heritage, know its history and meaning, ensure its material safeguard and, as required, its presentation, restoration and enhancement. (Cultural heritage is understood to include monuments, groups of buildings and sites of cultural value as defined in article one of the World Heritage Convention). (Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage Convention, held at Nara, Japan, from 1-6 November 1994)
• Concerned with the transmission of cultural heritage, with its significant values intact and accessible to the greatest degree possible.(Recording, Documentation and Information Management for Historic Places – Guiding Principles; Getty Conservation Institute, 2008).
• The profession devoted to the preservation of cultural property for the future. Conservation activities include examination, documentation, treatment, and preventive care, supported by research and education. (In AIC Definitions of conservation terminology – http://aic.stanford.edu/geninfo/defin.html)
• All activities involved in the protection and retention of heritage resources. Includes the study, protection, development, administration, maintenance and interpretation of heritage resources, whether they are objects, buildings or structures, or environments. Often used interchangeably with preservation (“heritage conservation” in Canada is “historic preservation” in the U.S.). It is also used to refer to a highly specialized field of activity that normally deals with the protection of objects in museum collections: a CONSERVATOR is the person who is responsible for the care and treatment of objects. (In Heritage BC – http://www.heritagebc.ca/resources/guides-tips-1/terms-definitions)
• All actions or processes that are aimed at safeguarding the character-defining elements of a cultural resource so as to retain its heritage value and extend its physical life. This may involve “Preservation”, “Rehabilitation”, “Restoration”, or a combination of these actions or processes. Reconstruction or reconstitution of a disappeared cultural resource is not considered conservation (In Parks Canada Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada – http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/guide/nldclpc-sgchpc/sec1/page1b_e.asp#tphp)
• All measures and actions aimed at safeguarding tangible cultural heritage while ensuring its accessibility to present and future generations. Conservation embraces preventive conservation, remedial conservation and restoration. All measures and actions should respect the significance and the physical properties of the cultural heritage item. (In ICOM-CC, 2008)
• Refers to the discipline involving treatment, preventive care, and research directed toward the long-term safekeeping of cultural and natural heritage. (In Getty Research – Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online)
• Means all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its Natural, Indigenous and Cultural significance. It includes protection, maintenance and monitoring. According to circumstance it may involve preservation, restoration, reconstruction, reinstatement or adaptation and will be commonly a combination of more than one of these. For Indigenous communities, it can include conserving relationships between people and place that embrace spiritual as well as historical values, and protecting Aboriginal Sites in order to protect their significance to people. (In Australia Centennial Parklands Conservation Management Plan 2003)
• All actions aimed at the safeguarding of cultural property for the future. The purpose of conservation is to study, record, retain and restore the culturally significant qualities of the cultural property as embodied in its physical and chemical nature, with the least po ssible intervention. Con servation includes the follow ing: examination, docume ntation, preventive conservation, reservation, treatment, restoration and reconstruction. (In “Code of Ethics” – Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property and the Canadian Association of Professional Conservators, 2000)
• Conservation implies keeping in safety or preserving the existing state of a heritage resource from destruction or change, i.e., the action taken to prevent decay and to prolong life (Feilden, 1982: 3). Another definition of conservation is broader. This is the Australia Burra Charter definition which is “all the processes of looking after a place so as to retain its cultural significance” (Article 1.4). The general concept of conservation implies various types of treatments aimed at safeguarding buildings, sites or historic towns; these include management, maintenance,repair, consolidation, reinforcement. Preventive Conservation consists of indirect action to retard deterioration and prevent damage by creating optimal conservation conditions as far as is compatible with its social use. (In: Conservation Management Planning: Putting Theory into Practice. The Case of Joya de Cerén, El Salvator – Getty Conservation Institute 2009)
Reconstitution
1. Describes the piece-by-piece reassembly of a structure either in situ or on a new site. Reconstitution may be the result of disasters such as wars and earthquakes or it may be caused by land use changes which necessitate the relocation of a building. (In The Heritage Canada Foundation – Preservation Strategy No.3, 1983).
2. Describes the piece-by-piece rebuilding of a structure’s original components either in the original location or a new site. May be required when a structure lacks integrity even though its original components are sound. One of the most common reasons for reconstitution is land use change which requires the relocation of a structure. (In Heritage BC – http://www.heritagebc.ca/resources/guides-tips-1/terms-definitions)
Reconstitution
1. • Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material into the fabric. (Australia Burra Charter).
2. • Involves the re-creation of a non-existent building on its original site. Based upon historical, literary, graphic and pictorial as well as archaeological evidence, a replica of the original is built using both modern and/or traditional methods of construction. (In The Heritage Canada Foundation – Preservation Strategy No.3, 1983).
3. • The re-creation of an object, building or structure that no longer exists, on the basis of archaeological,literary and historical evidence (i.e. old photographs, diaries). Often raises concerns about accuracy as certain elements are often based on conjecture when no evidence can be found. (In Heritage BC – http://www.heritagebc.ca/resources/guides-tips-1/terms-definitions).
4. • Is defined as the act or process of reproducing by new construction the exact form and detail of a vanished building, structure, or object, or a part thereof, as it appeared at a specific period of time. (USA Secretary Of The Interior’s Standards For Historic Preservation 1979).
5. • All actions taken to re-create, in whole or in part, a cultural property, based up on historical,
literary, graphic, pictorial, archaeological and scientific evidence. Reconstruction is aimed at promoting an understanding of a cultural property, and is based on little or no original material but clear evidence of a former state. (In “Code of Ethics” – Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property and the Canadian Association of Professional Conservators, 2000).
6. • The act or process of depicting, by means of new construction, the form, features, and detailing of a non-surviving site, landscape, building, structure, or object for the purpose of replicating its appearance at a specific period of time and in its historic location. (Design Guidelines for Department of Defense Historic Buildings and Districts; US Department of Defense, 2008)
Rehabilitation
• Rehabilitation is usually carried out in order to extend a building’s life and/or its economic viability. It may involve more adaptation than conservation, but will still preserve most of the building’s original features. It may involve upgrading, some modification, remodeling, rebuilding or retrofitting, and some repairs. It may be done to the exterior as well as the interior of the building. It may be referred to as major or minor. According to the usage of the word over the past few years, rehabilitation projects fall somewhat short of renovation projects in extent and/or cost of work. (National Research Council of Canada, 1982).
• Is often used interchangeably with renovation to describe the modification of an existing building. This process extends the structure’s useful life through alterations and repairs while preserving its important architectural, historical and cultural attributes. (Heritage Canada Foundation 1983)
• The process of modifying an historic building to extend its useful life through alterations and repairs, while preserving the important architectural, cultural and historical features. (In Heritage BC – http://www.heritagebc.ca/resources/guides-tips-1/terms-definitions).
• Is defined as the act or process of returning a property to a state of utility through repair or alteration which makes possible an efficient contemporary use while preserving those portions or features of the property which are significant to its historical, architectural, and cultural values. (USA Secretary Of The Interior’s Standards For Historic Preservation 1979).
• The action or process of making possible a continuing or compatible contemporary use of a historic place or an individual component, through repair, alterations, and/or additions, while protecting its heritage value.(In Parks Canada Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada – http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/guide/nldclpc-sgchpc/sec1/page1b_e.asp#tphp)
• Refers to the function of restoring people to physical or mental health or good repute. Refers also to the activity of returning to good condition deteriorated objects, structures, neighborhoods, or public facilities; may involve repair, renovation, conversion, expansion, remodeling, or reconstruction. (In Getty Research – Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online)
Renovation
• In practice, renovation may involve rehabilitation, rebuilding and several other activities. Also, renovations are usually more extensive and costly than these other activities for a given building. (National Research Council of Canada, 1982).
• Is a generic term used to describe various levels of intervention including remodeling, recycling and rehabilitation. It refers to the improvement of existing buildings or neighborhoods. (In The Heritage Canada Foundation – Preservation Strategy No.3, 1983).
• A generic term to describe the process of modifying an historic structure in order to extend its useful life. It is also used to describe the improvements made to existing buildings or neighbourhoods. Other terms which also refer to renovation are: remodeling, recycling and rehabilitation. (In Heritage BC – http://www.heritagebc.ca/resources/guides-tips-1/terms-definitions)
• Refers to the process of making changes to objects, especially buildings or other structures, with the intention of improving their physical condition. (In Getty Research – Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online)
• Modernization of an old or historic building that may produce inappropriate alteration or eliminate important features and details. (Design Guidelines for Department of Defense Historic Buildings and Districts; US Department of Defense, 2008)
Restoration
• Article 9.
The process of restoration is a highly specialized operation. Its aim is to preserve and reveal the aesthetic and historic value of the monument and is based on respect for original material and authentic documents. It must stop at the point where conjecture begins, and in this case moreover any extra work which is indispensable must be distinct from the architectural composition and must bear a contemporary stamp. The restoration in any case must be preceded and followed by an archaeological and historical study of the monument.
(In International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites – The Venice Charter- 1964)
• Restoration means returning the existing fabric of a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. (Australia Burra Charter).
• Means returning the existing fabric, habitat or place to a known earlier state or to an approximation of the natural condition by repairing degradation, removing accretions or introduced species or by reassembling existing components without the introduction of new material. (In Australia Centennial Parklands Conservation Management Plan 2003)
• Treatment procedures intended to return cultural property to a known or assumed state, often through the addition of nonoriginal material. ((In AIC Definitions of conservation terminology – http://aic.stanford.edu/geninfo/defin.html).
• Restoration activities can be as extensive and expensive as those associated with renovation (or rehabilitation); however, unlike renovation activities, they are normally done for heritage or historical purposes and are based on documentary evidence of the earlier state of the building. (National Research Council of Canada, 1982).
• The process of returning a building or site to a particular period in time. The degree of intervention and the removal or replacement of parts may be determined by an historical event associated with the building or by aesthetic integrity. (In The Heritage Canada Foundation – Preservation Strategy No.3, 1983).
• The practice of returning an object or building to its appearance at a particular time period. Restoration may include the removal of additions and alterations made after the particular time period, and reconstruction of missing earlier features.(In Heritage BC – http://www.heritagebc.ca/resources/guides-tips-1/terms-definitions)
• The action or process of accurately revealing, recovering or representing the state of a historic place or of an individual component, as it appeared at a particular period in its history, while protecting its heritage value. (In Parks Canada Standards and Guidelines for the Conservation of Historic Places in Canada – http://www.pc.gc.ca/docs/pc/guide/nldclpc-sgchpc/sec1/page1b_e.asp#tphp)
• Is defined as the act or process of accurately recovering the form and details of a property and its setting as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of later work or by the replacement of missing earlier work. (USA Secretary Of The Interior’s Standards For Historic Preservation 1979).
• All actions directly applied to a single and stable item aimed at facilitating its appreciation, understanding and use. These actions are only carried out when the item has lost part of its significance or function through past alteration or deterioration. They are based on respect for the original material. Most often such actions modify the appearance of the item. (In ICOM-CC, 2008)
• Refers to the process of making changes to an object or structure so that it will closely approximate its state at a specific time in its history. (In Getty Research – Art & Architecture Thesaurus Online)
• All actions taken to modify the existing materials and structure of a cultural property to represent a known earlier state. The aim of restoration is to reveal the culturally significant qualities of a cultural property. Restoration is based on respect for the remaining original material and clear evidence of the earlier state. (In “Code of Ethics” – Canadian Association for Conservation of Cultural Property and the Canadian Association of Professional Conservators, 2000)
• The act or the process of accurately depicting the form, features, and character of a property as it appeared at a particular period of time by means of the removal of features from other periods in its history and the reconstruction of missing features from the restoration period. (Design Guidelines for Department of Defense Historic Buildings and Districts; US Department of Defense, 2008)
August 8, 2015
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